14 per cent of children aged 623 months are fed four or more food groups. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Abay Kassa Tekile,Ashenafi Abate Woya&Garoma Wakjira Basha, You can also search for this author in Natural events such as droughts and floods usually trigger food insecurity in Ethiopia, where over 85 per cent of the population is dependent on rain-fed subsistence agriculture and livestock husbandry, resulting in an increased number of children with acute malnutrition. Ital J Pediatr. Well-nourished children are more likely to be healthy, productive, and ready to learn. * To promote the development of appropriate home-based complementary foods, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278180. volume12, Articlenumber:391 (2019) Malnutrition is a preventable cause of death in almost half of children under 5 in developing countries [1]. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. See this image and copyright information in PMC.
The state of child nutrition in Ethiopia: an umbrella review of * National nutrition program end line Survey, Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA. The risk of being wasted was 0.52 and 0.607 times lower among children of 2547 and 4859months than those 024months. The second food system and nutrition context comprises the regions and districts that are not well connected to large urban markets. The national AARR of wasting is 3.1 which indicates that some progress is being made. The child in the age group of 4859months was 1.763 times higher. One interesting way to engage and empower different actors that Ethiopia could adapt is the Eat Right model of the Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI). Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. To address this, public health research plays important role by generate and disseminate evidence based information to improve the health of general public. Prevalence and associated factors of undernutrition among pregnant women visiting ANC clinics in Silte zone, Southern Ethiopia. 2017;14(509):112. By using this website, you agree to our The key determinants of malnutrition in Ethiopia were the child age, maternal education, region, household wealth status, religion, sex of child, number of children, a child size, water and toilet facility. The majority of Ethiopian regions were on track to achieving the overweight and exclusive breastfeeding targets by 2025. The AARR shows that there has been some progress in reducing the stunting, wasting, and non-exclusive breastfeeding levels; whereas, there has been no progress in reducing levels of anemia and overweight. Endris N, Asefa H, Dube L. Prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors among children in rural Ethiopia. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil.
The state of child nutrition in Ethiopia: an umbrella review of 2011;2011(2):1139. As was highlighted throughout this conference, Ethiopias many regions are diverse a one-size-fits-all approach cannot work.
Determinants of under-nutrition among children under five years of age Issue 01 Cost and affordability of Healthy Diets in Ethiopia, Issue 02 Cost and affordability of nutritious diets in Ethiopia, Issue 03 Cost and affordability of nutritious diets in Ethiopia.
Nutrition | UNICEF Ethiopia Your privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the preference centre. This study investigates how two aspects of agricultural production diversity - farm production diversity and composition of production - relate to child height-for-age and weight-for-height in Ethiopia.
Impact of malnutrition on the academic performance of school children We heard evidence and discussed how critical the affordability of a healthy diet is in fact, affordability is a prime determinant of what people eat in low-income countries. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS); 2011. Wasted children were 1.557 times more likely to be anemic compared to those of not wasted (AOR: 1.557, 95% CI 1.315, 1.844) (Table3). The highest decrease in the prevalence of stunting was in Addis Ababa; whereas, stunting increased in Harari region between 2011 and 2019. Earlier studies in Ethiopia do not consider nutrition security as an outcome variable. Both bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression model was used to identify the determinants of children malnutrition. If the weight-for-age Z-score is below minus two standard deviations (2 SD) from the median of the reference population then the child isunderweight. Front Nutr. CAS * To provide training in the areas of food science, nutrition, dietetics and use of laboratory analyses methods. Dubti health center, Afar region, Ethiopia. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. Compared with children in Tigray region, the risk of being stunted was decreased by 32%, 33%, and 60%, among children living in Afar, Oromia, and Somali regions, respectively. This finding was consistent with the study conducted in Ethiopia [10] and Bangladesh [19] which showed that as mothers educational level increase, the likelihood of the children to be stunted and underweighted will be decreased. * Effectiveness and acceptability trial on chickpea-base ready-to-use supplementary food for the treatment of moderate acute malnutrition in Ethiopia, and The summary estimates of prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting were 42% (95%CI = 37-46%), 33% (95%CI = 27-39%), and 15% (95%CI = 12-19%), respectively. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Dietary Diversity and Haemoglobin Level Associated With Under Nutrition Among Pregnant Women at Sidama Hawassa, Ethiopia: Facility Based Cross-Sectional Study. statement and * To monitor spatial and temporal changes in malnutrition rate in relation to socioeconomic and other intervention activities, and recommend appropriate intervention strategy, However, reporting the national progress might mask important sub-national differences. The risk of being underweighted was 1.748, 1.837 times more likely among children that were aged 2447, and 4859months than those aged 024months. The acceptable prevalence level for stunting, wasting, and low birth weight is 5% and a country is considered on track if the national prevalence is below 5% [2]. Keywords: eCollection 2022. The conference offered a thoughtful overview of food systems, diets, and nutrition challenges in Ethiopia. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07072. Because the 2014 and 2019 mini-DHS did not report subnational breastfeeding prevalence, two data points from 2011 and 2016 were used. The prevalence of stunting has decreased from 58% in 2000 to 44% in 2011 in Ethiopia. Ayalew E. The prevalence of stunting and associated factors among children age 659 months at Mizan-Aman Town, Bench Maji Zone, SNNPR Region, Ethiopia; 2015. Results of multivariable logistic regression to identify the significant determinants related to wasting. We also acknowledge Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency for giving us permission to use the data for our study. Preventing and treating anemia in women of reproductive age is beneficial to the pregnancy outcomes for mothers and infants, children's school performance, and women's work productivity. Ethiopia is to be congratulated for identifying the different policies, investments, and actions required in these areas through its Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP). Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O Box: 1871, Mekele, Tigray, Ethiopia, You can also search for this author in Female children were 0.856 times less likely to be under-weighted as compared to male children. Yet 28 per cent of child deaths in Ethiopia are associated with under-nutrition. Before In Tanzania, a high prevalence of underweight (46.0%), stunting (41.9%) and wasting (24.7%) are observed in 2017. Part of This study has some limitations. To strengthen research collaboration among different key actors /networking/ in Ethiopia. eCollection 2022. 2018;10(4):158. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 2022 Jun;11(6):2824-2827. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1625_21. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, and Google Scholar were searched for SRM studies on magnitude and risk factors of malnutrition and child feeding practice indicators in Ethiopia. Geneva: WHO; 2000. WHO. Thus, this review also shares the limitations of observational research . The authors declare that they have no competing interests. About 66% of interviewed mothers had no education and only 2% of them attended higher education. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Mothers with BMI less than 18.5 (underweight) were more likely to have stunted, underweighted and wasted children as compared to overweighted mothers. The proportion of children who met the recommendations for timely initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months, and timely initiation of complementary feeding were 65, 60, and 62%, respectively. Hence, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of undernutrition and its associated factors among pregnant mothers in Konso district, Ethiopia.
Determinants of nutritional status among children under age 5 in Epub 2022 Jun 30. Major activities: High burden of undernutrition among primary school-aged children and its determinant factors in Ethiopia; a systematic review and meta-analysis. The prevalence of stunting was still high in Ethiopia. 2022 Jun 8;17(6):e0269009. The data were extracted, edited, and analyzed by using SPSS version 23 for Windows. As this experience has shown, communities are best placed to integrate inputs from multiple sectors and adapt them to their unique biophysical and social contexts. Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia] II: Ethiopia demographic and health survey 2011. The author would like to thank the Global Nutrition Tracking for making the tool publicly available. * Ethiopian national food consumption survey, J Nutr Food Sci. Can Institutional Catering Help Transform Food Systems for Improved Outcomes? There was a strong relationship between poor feeding practices and the state of malnutrition, and both conditions were related to various health, socio-economic, and environmental factors. The national prevalence of anemic women aged 1549 increased from 16.6% in 2011 to 23.6% in 2016 and the increase was across all the regions (Table 2). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Compared to children of 024months, the odds of stunting among children in the age group of 2547months were 2.645 times higher. NDA conceived the idea, collected and analyzed the data, and finally wrote the manuscript. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Debeko DD, Goshu TA. Data from the publicly available reports of the nationally-representative demographic health surveys (DHS) available after 2011 were used [9,10,11,12]. Accessed 03 Sept 2020. The data was extracted, editedand analyzed by using SPSS Version 23.0. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. The estimates of the included SRM studies on the prevalence and determinants of stunting, wasting, underweight, and poor child feeding practices were pooled and summarized with random-effects meta-analysis models. * To provide quality reference laboratory services in the areas of nutrition, food science and water, and Finally, improving living standards of children is important to get a better health care, reduces child malnutrition, and child mortality. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors for malnutrition among children aged 059months in Ethiopia. Child malnutrition and poor feeding practices are highly prevalent and of significant public health concern in Ethiopia. Sadoyu S, Tanni KA, Punrum N, Paengtrai S, Kategaew W, Promchit N, Lai NM, Thakkinstian A, Ngorsuraches S, Bangpan M, Veettil S, Chaiyakunapruk N. PLoS One. The authors declared that they have no competing interest. 3 Altmetric Metrics Abstract Background The aim of this study was to examine the determinants of nutritional status among children under age 5 (0-59 months) in Ethiopia. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) tool. Factors associated with undernutrition among children aged between 6-36 months in Semien Bench district, Ethiopia. For example, the prevalence of stunting varies from 13.9% in Addis Ababa the capital to 48.7% in Tigray region. Moreover, controlling anemia in pregnant women is one way of preventing low birth weight and reducing perinatal and maternal mortality [20]. Bookshelf This study was based on cross-sectional study design. Out of these 79 countries, 44 were on track to meet one target, and 35 on track to meet two. The 2019 country profile report did not include the 2019 Mini EDHS report and thus the national reduction rate was off track with no progress made; however, when data from 2019 was included it shows that most of the Ethiopian regions are making some progress. The current national prevalence of stunting is 38.6% and if Ethiopia is to achieve the 2025 target, it needs to reduce it to 26.6% (Table 2) which requires an AARR of 6% [15]. Public Health Rev.
The 2016 EDHS used a two-stage stratified sampling design to select households. In addition, 33% of children are both stunted and underweight, 21% of children are underweight and wasted, and 12% of children are stunted and wasted [5]. Age of child, sex of a child, mothers education level, mothers BMI, region, household wealth index, water facility, toilet facility, size of child and a number children were associated with under-weight (P<0.05). The Government of Ethiopia recognizes that addressing malnutrition is essential to achieving sustainable development. We included nine SRM studies, containing a total of 214,458 under-5 children from 255 observation studies. Faruque AS, Ahmed AM, Ahmed T, Islam MM, Hossain MI, Roy SK, Alam N, Kabir I, Sack DA. The conference also zeroed in on Ethiopias responses and actions to improve diets and nutrition outcomes. All statistical analyses were carried out using the R Studio version 3.4.2. )and Fababean (ViciafabaL.) Nevertheless, under-nutrition among children and women remains an urgent concern, requiring multi-sectoral efforts. * To generate scientifically sound information on the characteristics of local diet to promote nutritional quality and food safety, and enhance useful food processing and preservation technologies, Springer Nature. BMC Public Health.
PDF Malnutrition, A Major Health Challenge in Kersa, Ethiopia Variations between post- and pre-harvest seasons in stunting, wasting, and Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices among children 6-23 months of age in lowland and midland agro-ecological zones of rural Ethiopia. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Accessed 01 Sept 2020. Cite this article. Around 20% of childrens mother were underweighted (having body mass index less than 18.5) (Additional file 1).
Tekile, A.K., Woya, A.A. & Basha, G.W. Data were entered into Epi-data version3.1 and analyzed by SPSS version 21. The subnational analysis reveals that the capital Addis Ababa is the only region on track to achieve 40% reduction of stunting by 2025. 2015;15(212):17. Prior studies employed three anthropometric indicators for identifying factors of children's under-nutrition. Eight out of the eleven regions in Ethiopia are on track of meeting the overweight targets. The Effectiveness of a Web-Based Application for a Balanced Diet and Healthy Weight Among Indonesian Pregnant Women: Randomized Controlled Trial. 2020;43:101364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101364. 301/2013 which recognize the Institute an autonomous federal government office having its own legal personality.
(PDF) Multi-Sectoral Nutrition Policy and Programme Design 1 It consists of both under and over-nutrition. In Ethiopia, more than one-third of a child deaths are associated with malnutrition [6]. However, nationally representative data for anemia and exclusive breastfeeding were available for two data points in 2011 and 2016 and this might not reflect the current situation and the interpretation of these two reduction rates must consider this. There is an urgent need to address anemia in Ethiopian women of reproductive age because its prevalence has been increasing. Google Scholar. Phone +1 202-862-5600
2015;3(5):28692. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Debela BL, Shively G, Holden S. Does Ethiopias productive safety net program improve child nutrition? Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies WHO. Anemia in women of reproductive age increased across all the regions of Ethiopia. This report is calculated at national level and indicates the progress a country has made. The prevalence of under nutrition and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care service in public hospitals of western Ethiopia. Terms and Conditions, Monitoring the prevalence of not exclusively breastfeed (NEBF) children to track target 5 is recommended as it makes it easier to see the AARR rate and measure progress [2] NEBF is given by 1EBF, and thus the global goal would be to reduce NEBF from 62% (2012 global estimate) to 50% in 2025. Humanitarian approaches support the building of capital and sustainable livelihoods of households and communities. These prevalence were relatively lower than the previous study conducted in Ethiopia [9, 10] and in Tanzania [5], but it was higher than the study conducted in Nairobi, Kenya [11]. The risk of being stunted among children whose mothers attended primary education was 0.87 times less compared to children whose mother did not attend education. Method: A cross-sectional study design was used in public hospitals of Gedeo Zone. To facilitate dialogue and information dissemination among decision-makers, program implementers, researchers, and other stakeholders. Worldwide timing of growth faltering: revisiting implications for interventions. 2013;2:2306. A multistage stratified sampling technique was used to select 527 subjects and quantitative data were collected from these subjects using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and additionally qualitative data were generated through two focus group discussions among purposely selected discussants. Among women aged 1549 years, 26 per cent are undernourished and 24 per cent have anaemia. Int J Child Health Nutr. Other African countries also have relevant experiences for two of Ethiopias important food system transformation challenges: Kenya and Rwanda have made progress in enabling and aligning both the public and private sectors to accelerate food system innovation, from food processing and marketing innovations to sophisticated application of IT and digital services in connecting different food system components. The prevalence and/or progress of reducing malnutrition is not uniformly distributed across the Ethiopian regions. How, attendees asked, do you take these plans and research and move forward? The conference, held in Addis Ababa, brought together 150 delegates, from a wide range of sectors and roles, including policy makers, academics, development agencies, NGOs and the private sector. This transition requires shifting to a demand-led, rather than supply-led, focus. 2013;382(9890):42751. World Health Organization. The first includes districts in growth corridors linked to urban areas. Complementary feeding; IYCF practices; Malnutrition; Stunting; Underweight; Wasting. Ethiopia has a rich nutrition policy landscape with the second National Nutrition Programme 2016-2020 and the 2019 National Food and Nutri- Therefore, this study first aimed to measure the subnational (regional) progress towards the WHA nutrition goals; and secondly to identify the required AARR targets needed to achieve the 2025 targets. The author read and approved the final manuscript. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017084. This study aimed to measure how the different Ethiopian regions were progressing towards achieving the global nutrition goals of 2025.
Research - Ethiopian Public Health Institute The .gov means its official. Adis Ketam kifele kitema in front of Paulos Hospital, Subscribe in the box, and we'll keep you posted, Copyright 2021 All Rights Reserved | EPHI, Second National Food and Nutrition Research Dissemination Conference, National Information Platform for Nutrition (NIPN) Newsletters, An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants by Wereda, Research Articles on Ethiopian Medicinal Plants, Ethnobotanical Medicinal Plants Photo Gallery, Scientific and Ethical Review Office (SERO), Daily dietary intake of zinc is positively associated with Height-for-Age Z-score (HAZ) among Ethiopian children 6-35 months of age, Overview of Ethiopian Food consumption Survey:Implications for Food Fortification Program, Research collaboration in Nutrition and Food Science, Assessment of status of infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practice, policy and programs: Achievements and Gaps in Ethiopia, Association of dietary salt restriction and iodine status in hypertensive patients and non-hypertensives in Addis Ababa hospitals, Ethiopia, Can local diets meet nutrient adequacy of young children in Ethiopia? Although the baseline year for the global targets is 2012, the country estimates anywhere between 2005 and 2012 could be used [13]. Moreover, the percentages of stunting, wasting, and underweighting were higher among anemic children as compared to no-anemic children. Assemie MA, Alamneh AA, Ketema DB, Adem AM, Desta M, Petrucka P, Ambaw MM. Children of the rich household were less likely to be wasted compared to children living in a household with poor household economic status. In 2012 the World Health Assembly (WHA) endorsed six global nutrition targets to be achieved between 2012 and 2025. This was similar with the studies done in Ethiopia . Solomon D, Kebede Z, Bogale F, Ababor S, Ararso D, Woldie E, et al. 1.2. When there are only two prevalence estimate points, the formula for AARR is simplified to the logarithm of the ratio of the two prevalence [2]; AARR=ln (Pt/Pt+n)/n; where Pt is the starting prevalence (baseline), Pt+n is the final prevalence, and n is the number of years between the two data points. 2014;2014(441):147. Objectives: Despite making some progress no Ethiopian region is on track to reduce achieve the wasting target. Introduction. 9.9 per cent of children under five years suffer from wasting. Attention must turn to engaging all actors and ensuring they are able to communicate and, where appropriate, coordinate, their actions to accelerate progress toward improving nutrition outcomes in Ethiopia. volume13, Articlenumber:559 (2020) Only 11% of the respondents were from urban areas and 32% were in the rich wealth index. IDS Working Papers. 2020 Aug 26;46(1):118. doi: 10.1186/s13052-020-00881-w. Abdulahi A, Shab-Bidar S, Rezaei S, Djafarian K. Ethiop J Health Sci. Therefore, the 2011 DHS survey was used as a baseline year in this study to track the progress toward 2025 goals. So, the main aim of this study was to explore the major factors of malnutrition and its association with anemia by using updated data from the 2016 EDHS. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Among 501 participants, the overall prevalence of undernutrition (MUAC < 23 cm) was 43.1% (95% CI 38.7-47.5%). In all the three forms of malnutrition (stunting, underweight and wasting), the risk of malnutrition was less prevalent among females than males. Finally, the exponential logarithm of is taken and subtracted from 1. Undernutrition during pregnancy is an important public health problem. Adis Ketam kifele kitema in front of Paulos Hospital, Subscribe in the box, and we'll keep you posted, Copyright 2021 All Rights Reserved | EPHI, Second National Food and Nutrition Research Dissemination Conference, National Information Platform for Nutrition (NIPN) Newsletters, An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants by Wereda, Research Articles on Ethiopian Medicinal Plants, Ethnobotanical Medicinal Plants Photo Gallery, Scientific and Ethical Review Office (SERO), Complementary Foods from Quality Protein Maize Supplemented with Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Carrot: Nutritional Effect on Animal Model, Assessment of the nutritional values and ODAP content of traditional foods prepared from grass pea (Lathyrus sativus), Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni, isolated from Bovine meat and dairy products, from Addis Ababa and nearby towns, Ethiopia, Development of suitable processes using yellow quality protein Maize (yellow QPM) in the Ethiopian traditional foods: including Complementary food, Prevalence and Drug Resistance Patterns of Salmonella Concord among Children in Selected Orphanages and Visiting Health Institutions in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Study on Germinated Weaning Foods and Power Flour, Study on the improvement of quality of cassava (Manihot esculenta) based foods through appropriate food processing methods: nutritional, technological & toxicological aspects, Challenges and opportunities in CBN adaptation to pastoral areas in Ethiopia, Implementation of community based nutrition program in Ethiopia after integrated refresher training, Case studies: Community Based Nutrition Contribution to the Mid-Term Review of the Ethiopia Nutrition Project, Children Practices Among factory Working and Housewife Mothers and Its Implications on Child Nutritional Outcomes in Addis Ababa and Oromia Regions,Ethiopia, Improving Nutrition, Health and Household Food Security in Northern Shewa and Southern Tigray, Ethiopia, Nutrition baseline survey report for the National nutrition program of Ethiopia, Quality of community based nutrition of integrated refresher training and supportive supervision provided for health extension workers in Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia, The state of Exclusive Breast-Feeding and Complementary Feeding Practices in selected Zones of Tigray and Amhara Regions of Ethiopia, Therapeutic Feeding Programme Coverage Assessment Report Wadela Woreda, North Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia, Therapeutic Feeding Programme Coverage Assessment Report Mareko Woreda, Gurage Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia, Therapeutic Feeding Programme Coverage Assessment Report Arsi Negele Woreda, West Arsi zone, Oromiya, Ethiopia, The Cost of HUNGER in Ethiopia Implications Implications for the Growth and Transformation of Ethiopia, Ethiopian National Vitamin a Deficiency Survey Report, Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD) in Womberma and Burie Districts, West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia, Assessment of status of infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practice, policy and programs: Achievements and Gaps, in Ethiopia. 2022 Nov 23;14(11):e31823. The possible reason might be cereals, grains and tubers are the commonest products in the study area . Conclusion: Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia] and ORC Macro. BMC Research Notes Correspondence to To me, the fundamental issue in implementing good strategies and plans is the engagement and empowerment of all essential actors. The progress a country makes in achieving the 2025 is available as the annual Global Nutrition Report and online here [6]. Gupta A, Dadhich JP, Rundall P, Bidla N. Interpreting the World Health assembly targets on exclusive breastfeeding by 2025: what is expected of each country? 38 per cent of children under five years are stunted. This indicates that the nutrition goals are interlinked making a progress would help in other targets. Malnutrition refers to deficiency, excess, or an impaired utilization of one or more essential nutrients. Results: The Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI/NIPN) is pleased to announce that a call for abstract is open for your participation. This finding is similar with other previously conducted studies [10, 19, 20]. J Family Med Prim Care. I attended and was able to share some thoughts during the closing panel. World Health Organization. Moving to this next step will require new policies and investments to support a more diverse food supply and shift distortions that could lead to artificially low costs for sugars, fats, oils, and highly processed, carbohydrate-dense foods that are fueling a global obesity pandemic that has already started to affect Ethiopia faster in urban settings but also in rural areas.